Introduction In recent decades, rapid climate changes in the Middle East have led to the rapid growth of drought phenomenon. Given the recent observations and surveys in the countries of the region, the rate of evaporation of surface water has increased. In addition, water consumption has increased dramatically in recent decades due to various causes, including industrial and agricultural development and population growth. Apart from the natural causes, the lack of proper management and planning of water resources is one of the main reasons for drought occurrence in the country. It’ s obvious that every program needs reliable and updated information to help planners make decisions. Therefore, information onthe volume changes and the amount of water is of great importance in the management of the limited water resources. This information is usually obtained using conventional methods of remote sensing, surveying and photogrammetry which require significant amount of time and money. On the other hand, obtaining information from people is very beneficial due to the high speed, low cost of preparation and high volume of shared information. Volunteered Geographic Information provides an environment for the acquisition of spatial information from ordinary and expert people. Recently, many researcheshave been carried outon geography, natural resources and geosciencesin relation to the voluntary applications of spatial information in crisis management, and it has been proved that these data are suitable for managing long-term and short-term crises. Regarding the water management in particular, researches have been carried out on collecting water pollution information through sharing the location and the type of water pollution. The issue of drought in water resources has not been taken into consideration in this category of investigations. Another category of the researches is about the type of architecture used to obtain popular information from the volunteered spatial information, while the quality of this information has been ignored. In another category of the researches, users identify and report the rate of changes in water resources using remote sensing and aerial images but, this method is indirect and does not share information instantaneously and directly. Materials and methods The aim of this paper is to design and develop a Volunteered Geographic Information system for receiving and updating drought information on natural water resources. To do so, users send the information on water volume and its changes as well as the location, to the drought information spatial database. The case study of this paper is the water resources of the rivers and lakes of the TashkBakhteganMaharloubasin. TashkBakhteganMaharlou is a basin region in the province of Fars in Iran, and the reason for choosing this basin as a case study isthe abundance and diversity of water resources in the area. A Web-based mobile application has been developed to receive the popular information of water resources. Users can share information based on the level of access. This level of access is determined based on the level of users’ expertise and occupation relative to water sciences. In order to implement this system, a client-server architecture was employed, in which SQL Server was used as the updating and managing system of the spatial database, ArcGIS Server as a spatial server, WCF Service to receive thematic information, JSON as the format of exchanging data and Android as the client’ s development language. Discussion and results In order to evaluate this system, the spatial accuracy, descriptive accuracy and the integrity of the Volunteered Geographic Information were measured. After the evaluation, a spatial accuracy of 12. 5 meters, a descriptive accuracy of 67%, and the integrity of 75% were obtained. Moreover, 80% of the Volunteered Geographic Information hadan area of more than 1 Hectares, representing the interest of the users in sharing lakes with wider areas. Meanwhile, 65% of the Volunteered Geographic Information has a density of 27 lines per Hectare, indicating that people are willing to share rivers with denser branches. Conclusion Since the datawas collected by smartphones’ GPS, this amount of spatial accuracy was predictable. Descriptive accuracy obtained is relatively low due tothe ambiguity in the naming of received data. The high integrityindicatesthe capability of the system in updating drought spatial database over a short period of time. Therefore, it seems that the Volunteered Geographic Informationon drought is generally acceptable for completing the water resources database and for the management and making decisions on the planning of conserving water resources in a short time with low cost.

Purpose: Information marketing involves the processes and interactions that lead to the satisfaction of users and revenue for libraries and information centers. This paper aims to address the issue of information and its role in economic activities and issues related to marketing. Also, it focuses on information services pricing as one of the dimensions of marketing programs, and studies and analyses different approaches and perspectives.Methodology: This paper uses Library approach for reviewing the research done in the field of information marketing and information services pricing.Findings: The factors affecting pricing information resources and services include: environmental and external factors, recognition of the objectives (including the financial and organizational goals of information centers), recognition of the market and the use of customer feedbacks and comments, other components of mixed marketing mixed including kinds of goods or services, distribution and promotion channels, the expected services as cost supplier, and being profitable or subsidized services. The main identified approaches in information services pricing are: pricing based on costs, pricing based on market structure and competition, pricing based on customer demand, integrated approach, entrepreneurial approach, and pricing based on the value.Conclusion: Continuity of supplying information resources and services depends on considering the financial, economic, and profit aspects. In supplying information services and resources, several factors have essential roles: first of all, is studying for design and analysis of financial and economic aspects of developing and handling these centers. Through information about pricing, the basic methods of cost estimating and techniques and strategies of information services and resources pricing to provide efficient services can be identifiable. Librarians and information services staff should note that the acquisition, organization and dissemination of information should be based on the new concept of marketing for meeting users' satisfaction. A principled and coherent marketing plan enables libraries in the competition current world today to identify targets and actions in line with the clients' expected services.

Introduction: Information literacy (IL) is a set of abilities requiring individuals to identify when information is needed and have the competency to retrieve, evaluate, and efficiently use the required information. The aim of this study was to recognize to what extent faculty members are able to use the variety of information resources. The study was done in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Iran) from October to December 2012.Methods: This study used the cross sectional method. The participants of this study were 80 faculty members who referred to the central university library within the first two weeks of October (beginning of school year) for information seeking. All of the participants in the study were selected. Data were gathered through distribution of a standard questionnaire of information literacy. Data were analyzed through SPSS/16 and one-way ANOVA Independent t-test was applied, too.Results: Information literacy competency was classified in three levels: low, moderate, and high. The majority of faculty members had moderate information literacy level and a minority of them had a high information literacy level.Conclusion: Information literacy competency of faculty members was moderate to low. Academia had higher level of retrieving information and evaluating than ethics and rights of information resource and abilities in knowledge. There was a statically significant relationship between ageand level of academia with information literacy level.

Purpose: The purpose of this applied research is to study the effectiveness of gamification on corporate training.  Methodology: A gamified course was designed and implemented to train the location of Fire Hosing Cabinet for 24 employees of a firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Using a quantitative quasi-experimental research plan (post-test only control group design) the participants of the study were randomly assigned to treatment (12) and control (12) groups and trained for a week.  Conclusion: The descriptive and interpretive result of the posttest analyses indicated the effectiveness of gamification of the training performed for the employees of the firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Moreover, the descriptive result of Gamification Acceptance Questionnaire answered by the members of the experimental group after gamified training indicated that all the participants in the experimental group were satisfied with the gamified training course.

Background: Educational interventions, such as school HIV/AIDS educations, are the best defenses against the spread of HIV/AIDS. On the other hand, knowing the information sources which students have got their previous information on HIV/AIDS, and also sources which they prefer to get their information through them is essential in planning effective educational programs regarding HIV/AIDS. Objective: Therefore, this descriptive-analytic study was designed and conducted in order to assess the information sources of the students of male public schools of educational region No.3 of Tehran regarding HIV/AIDS. Methods: Using the sampling formula, a sample of 220 students were estimated, but in action 246 students were studied. The samples were selected using Random Stratified Sampling Method. Using SPSSFW software the data were analyzed statistically, and for this reason descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used. Findings: The results implied that 85% of the students had got information on HIV/AIDS through various sources and channels. Regarding the favorite (preferred) sources and channels, 75.6% and 72.6% of the students said that they prefer to get their later information on HIV/AIDS respectively through TV and newspapers or magazines. Conclusion: This implies that TV and newspapers or magazines are favorite and acceptable media for the studied students. Hence, if the needed education for students are presented through these channels, and preferably through TV, might have high effectiveness.

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to identify the status of digital resources management in the central library of Allameh Tabataba’, i University based on the Open Archival Information System(OAIS) Reference Model T emplate. Method: Essentially we have drawn on an applied case study method. The director and staff of the Central Library of Allameh Tabataba’, i University formed our research community. By reviewing the literature and resources available in relation to digital resource management, a six-part log was provided for this research. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (calculating abundance, frequency and mean) and interpretation. Findings: The Findings were supposed to determine the significance of the 6 subsystems of the OAIS model. Among them, the "subsystem of acceptance and processing" with 90%, the access subsystem with 81%, the subsystem of management with 70%, archiving storage subsystem "with 71%, data management subsystem with 59%, Maintenance and Maintenance Planning subsystem "with 52% percent respectively, were obtained for the digital resources management of the Central Digital Library of AllamehTabataba'i University. Conclusion: The practical applications and significance of this study indicate that this model has considered all aspects of the implementation of a secure digital repository in a library, and Allameh Tabataba’, i University, based on its structure, can manage its digital resources. In general, the significance of the four subsystems of the O. A. I. S. (Acceptance, Processing, Access, Management, and Archiving Storage) for the digital resources management of the Central Library of Allameh Tabataba’, i University is up to the maximum. And the 2 subsystems (data protection and management planning) are average.

Introduction: Members of the health care team in medical emergencies have little information about admitted patients and rely on several information resources in order to manage these patients. The aim of this study was to determine the information resources for medical students in emergency ward.Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 146 last year medical students attended in emergency ward of educational hospitals. Data gathering methods included observation and questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation coefficient.Results: Most of medical students (50%) used patient and his/her file as information source. Medical students mostly used print sources for obtaining the needed information for patients' treatment.Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the importance of access to variety of information resources in emergency ward. It is recommended to plan educational programs for promoting students' awareness about Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) and using it for evidence-based decision-making.

Background and Objective: With the increasing use of organizational systems, it is important to check the security of these systems. Though there is currently wide-ranging research on the confidentiality of these systems, few studies have been conducted in the macro-security field, contrary to expectations. In this paper, the security aspects of organizational systems and their improvement and factors affecting the security of HR management systems are reviewed. Method: The research method is descriptive and of survey type and the research tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research consisted of IT experts and faculty members of the Police University in the field of management and security in Iran Police. A total of 40 people were identified and the questionnaire was distributed among them in full scale. factor analysis has been used and the fitting of the final model has been reported. Findings: The findings show that the components of security policy, law and regulations, security architecture and security education are factors that contribute to the security of the security systems of the Iran Police. Conclusion: The results of the research show that the four components are of great importance in the security of human resources information systems and the electronic human resources system that Iran Police managers and security experts should take four components in their decisions to create, maintain or promote such organizations: Policymaking, laws and regulations, architecture and security education.